british colonization of india essay

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British Colonization of India, Essay Example

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Introduction

Britain colonized India at the time when it was expanding its vast empire. It was the acquisition of India the sub-continent that was instrumental in the forming of the East India Company. This would be the vehicle to create a major trading relationship with India. Britain recognized the vast wealth in India in terms of natural resources. Apart from the negative aspects that go with any program of colonization, nevertheless, India benefitted from the experience. The British military helped to improve the infrastructure of India building roads and bridges across the land. Britain also helped in the creation of a sense of unity; previously the country was divided through a caste system. The British injected more equality into the system and accepted all religions allowing it to prosper. (Andersen, M.L. 2008)

The Road to Democracy

Britain helped India on the road to democratic reform. The British Raj was inherited as a concept by India and this helped them in the formation of their own Government represented in modern India today. Much of this was attributed to the development of the English Language and educational systems that Britain left behind when India gained independence in 1947. The East India Company was instrumental in building a rail network throughout the country and this helped in both the logistics of communication and trade. (Mishra, S.L.2000)

Effects of Colonization on the People

Britain regarded India as ‘the jewel in the crown’; it was the driving force behind the British Empire providing raw materials to Britain. Britain regarded itself as benevolent benefactors to India in terms of modernising the nation. The Indian people were however used as labour to build much of the infrastructure and were often deprived of benefitting from the results. The main emphasis focused on the improvement of trade between India and Britain backed up by a colonial army. The Indians were still treated and regarded as second class citizens to the largely ex patriot middle class that occupied the country. The Indian people were banned from participation in the Government of the country. (Levy, J.T. 2011)

The Influence on Women

Annie Besant was active in the women’s rights movement and reported on the conditions of Education of Indian girls in British colonial India. This particularly focused on the Caste system in India and the area in Madras where she worked. The British occupying forces were kept distinct from the Indian native children and were educated in English colonial schools. This perpetuated the class distinction system and prevented fusion with the locals. Besant advocated reform for India to the extent that it should become a self-governing nation with allegiance to the Crown and have a degree of self-determination and this should extend to improvements of women’s rights, standards of Education and guarantee religious tolerance. Besant felt that the Indian administration had been too unduly influenced by the British administration and that it was skewed more in favour of men whilst ignoring the rights of the women. (Besant, A. 1913)

Besant, A. (1913). Wake up, India: A place for social reform. Madras: Theosophical Publishing House.

Levy, J. T. (2011). Colonialism and Its Legacies. Plymouth UK: Lexington Books.

Margaret L. Andersen, H. F. (2008). Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society. In H. F. Margaret L. Andersen, Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society (p. 253). Belmont CA: Thompson Wadsworth.

Mishra, S. (2000). Democracy in India. New Delhi: Sanbun Publishers.

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British Colonialism in India, Beginning and End in India

British Colonialism in India is known as a period of direct British rule over India from 1858 until independence. Know more about British Colonialism in India in this article.

Table of Contents

In India, the term “British Colonialism” refers to the British government’s control over its colonial territories. The term “colonialism” describes a situation in which a colonizing nation uses economic, military, and political tools to directly rule a conquered state. The period of direct British authority over India from 1858 to independence is known as British Colonialism in India.

British Colonialism in India

The fall of the Mughal Empire was one of India’s greatest historical setbacks.

• British traders have a long history of being among the greatest in the world.
• India’s strategic location was something that the British intended to use for trade. But the arrival of the Portuguese made it a failure.
• From 1526 until Aurangzeb’s death in 1707, the British enjoyed authority over the majority of India following the fall of the Mughal Empire.
• War broke out between the Maratha and Persian once the Mughals were overthrown. British colonialism in India was made possible by taking advantage of this circumstance.

Facts About British Colonialism in India

Below, we’ve covered some key information about British colonialism in India.

• The first Viceroy during British Colonialism in India was Charles Canning, where as the last Viceroy was Lord Louis Mountbatten.
• There were three capitals during British control in India: Shimla (summer capital) (1864–1947), New Delhi (1911–1911), and Calcutta (1858–1911).
• The East India Company’s first factory was founded in Masulipatnam in 1611.
• Cotton, silk, indigo, saltpeter, tea, and opium were among the commodities traded by the East India Company.

Beginning of British Colonialism in India

The goal of the British was to control the global commercial sector. But at that time, the Portuguese ruled the seas. The British and Dutch established their own private stock firm to compete with the Portuguese. But they soon found themselves at odds with one another.

• The British formed the East India Company in 1600 to conduct business after the Dutch were successful in the Indonesian archipelago.
• Following a peace treaty between the Dutch and the English, the Dutch were given control of the spice trade while the East India Company controlled the textile sector.
• The trade in textiles eventually surpassed that of spices. British companies were more profitable than Dutch ones. Fort St. George in Calcutta became the new home of the East India Company.

Positive Impacts of British Colonialism in India

British reign in India had a lot of good effects on India, including:

• Intercaste marriage was made lawful in India in 1872 thanks to a law that was passed. In 1856, the Widow Remarriage Act and the declaration of slavery as unlawful both took place.
• The practice of giving young infants as sacrifices was outlawed by Lord Hardinge.
• The establishment of railway connections in inland areas was one of the best aspects of British colonialism in India.
• In India, a brand-new legal and judicial system was implemented.
• The concepts of liberty, equality, and freedom were introduced to India with the establishment of British colonies there.
• There have been several new colleges and institutions that have improved the Indian educational system. Indian society benefited from the use of the English language and western concepts.

Negative Impacts of British Colonialism in India

Additionally, there were a lot of negative effects of British control in India. They are briefly mentioned below.

• Numerous craftspeople lost their work as a result of the decline in conventional means of subsistence.
• British citizens were granted free commerce through the Charter Act of 1813, but imports from India were subject to high taxes in Britain.
• The government implemented a permanent settlement mechanism in order to increase the rent.
• Numerous families were forced into poverty in India as a result of British colonialism.
• Indians were made to grow and sell commercial goods like coffee, cotton, opium, and other things under the Britishers’ command.
• There was a significant importation of clothing created by machines as a result of British colonialism in India. The Indian handcraft industries were under danger.

British Rule in India

In a commitment to her subjects, Queen Victoria pledged that the British government would support their development.

• The British administration implemented a policy that pitted Hindus and Muslims against one another in an effort to reduce the risks during their time in power in India.
• On behalf of India, the British declared war on Germany in 1914. There were roughly 1.5 million Indian soldiers in the British military. Unfortunately, this had no impact on how the British saw Indians.
• India made a substantial contribution to World War 2 during British colonialism in that country.
• By that point, Britain’s wartime economic losses had begun to have an impact. The Indian independence movement began at this period, as the British began to lose control of the country.
• With the adoption of the Indian Independence Act of 1947, British colonialism in India came to an end.

British Colonialism in India UPSC

The consequences of British dominance in India are still a contentious and complicated topic. While some Indians view it as a time of exploitation and oppression, others acknowledge the beneficial effects British rule had on Indian society and its infrastructure. There were some good improvements brought about by the British Empire in India, but the negative impacts were much more profound and had a lasting impact on the evolution of Indian society.

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British Colonialism in India FAQs

How india was treated under british colonialism.

During British Colonialism in India, the Indian farmers were forced to grow commercial crops and raw materials for the Industries in Britain.

How British Colonialism in India was established?

After the Battle of Plassey, Nawab of Bengal surrendered to the East India Company. With time the Easy India company transformed from a commercial trading company to a political entity and ruled India.

When the British rule in India ended?

British rule in India came to an end in 1947 with the passing of the Independence Act. The partition of India was divided into domination of India and domination of Pakistan.

How many years did British Colonialism in India last?

The British Rule in India lasted for approximately 89 years. British Colonialism in India started after the Battle of Plassey in 1757.

How was India affected by British colonialism?

The British forced Indians to commercialize agriculture by growing various raw materials, and crops for the industries in Britain. British monopolised the trade with India.

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British Colonialism and Its Impact on Indian Culture Essay

Introduction.

The Britain Empire established its rule in India from 1858 until it gained its independence in 1947 the regions ruled included British India and the princely states which signed treaties with the Britons to enjoy their protection and some local autonomy in exchange for their acceptance for Britain representation in all affairs. Though the Indians resisted Britain’s rule they were unable to overcome the British soldiers’ tactics and weapons hence the British East India Company took the region as its colony for trading and governance purposes.

The Indian rebellion originated from three groups of people who felt discontented with British rule. This included feudal aristocrats who had lost their titles and domains under the new rule. Britain never recognized the adoption of the princes as the inheritors of the rule hence they felt short-changed. Secondly, the landlords had lost their land and large estates to peasant farmers hence they were annoyed with the Britons and were ready to fight.

The peasant farmers were too annoyed due to imposed large taxes meant to collect revenue for the Britain Empire, many local inhabitants such as money lenders suffered large losses hence, they felt unhappy with the British rule hence the rebellion. However, despite their efforts to force the Britons out of their land, they could not march their weapons and the army tactics. This marked the complete establishment of British rule in India.

Before the British invasion and rule, India practiced barter where goods were exchanged for goods. Many of the locals were agricultural farmers growing both crops and rearing animals. The craftsmen used to carve and make the goods for the synagogues to be used as instruments of worship. In addition, only the local religion was recognized in the region i.e. Buddhism, other religions were rarely unheard of. The Indians organized themselves in villages where they practiced their economic activities.

However, there were ruled by princes who lived in town. Most of the economic activities were labor-intensive or done by hand, where lands were hand-tilled, weaving and spinning were also done by hands. The benefits of the trade were utilized locally for developments however, their primitive technology would not allow for complex developments such as the construction of the infrastructure.

With the coming of British rule, many changes were put into place. This includes the establishment of the money trade where goods were exchanged for money. This opened for international trade something unheard of before as many depended on the local trade. In addition, the form of the government was altered to favor the Britons where the local rulers were supposed to be under the British governor who was autonomous and supreme. The British rule established the freedom of religion and movement. This allowed protestant missionaries in the area to preach Christianity as well as Muslims; hence some got converted into these new religions. More so, the Britons introduced capital-intensive forms of production where a spinner was introduced in Lancashire and a weaver in Bengal, this replaced the Hindoo weaver and spinner.

In addition, factories were introduced where spinning and weaving were done full time. In ancient India, most of these activities were spare time and at home. The craftsmen were made to produce carvings and other products for sale in the international market. Whereas land was owned freely, title deeds were introduced as proof of ownership and utilization. Therefore, the British rule had a great impact on India’s way of life both economically, socially, and politically. As in most cases, new and complicated ideologies were introduced to replace their simpler means and forms of doing things.

Bose, Sugata & Ayesha Jalal, Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy, Rout ledge, London and New York, 2003.

Brown, Judith M, Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy, Oxford University Press. Oxford and New York, 1994.

Judd, Dennis, the Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and fall of the British Raj, 1600-1947, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, (2004).

Ludden, David, India and South Asia: A Short History, One world Publications, Oxford, 2002.

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IvyPanda. (2021, August 14). British Colonialism and Its Impact on Indian Culture. https://ivypanda.com/essays/british-colonialism-and-its-impact-on-indian-culture/

"British Colonialism and Its Impact on Indian Culture." IvyPanda , 14 Aug. 2021, ivypanda.com/essays/british-colonialism-and-its-impact-on-indian-culture/.

IvyPanda . (2021) 'British Colonialism and Its Impact on Indian Culture'. 14 August.

IvyPanda . 2021. "British Colonialism and Its Impact on Indian Culture." August 14, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/british-colonialism-and-its-impact-on-indian-culture/.

1. IvyPanda . "British Colonialism and Its Impact on Indian Culture." August 14, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/british-colonialism-and-its-impact-on-indian-culture/.

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IvyPanda . "British Colonialism and Its Impact on Indian Culture." August 14, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/british-colonialism-and-its-impact-on-indian-culture/.

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The Deadly Impact of British Rule in India: A Comparative Analysis

• by history tools
• May 26, 2024

Introduction

The British Empire‘s nearly two-century-long rule over India had far-reaching and devastating consequences that surpassed the impact of previous colonizing forces. While earlier invaders often settled in India and invested their wealth locally, the British Empire‘s primary goal was to extract resources and wealth from India for the benefit of Britain. This approach led to the systematic exploitation of India‘s economy, the erosion of its traditional industries, and the impoverishment of its people.

The Systematic Destruction of India‘s Economy

One of the most significant differences between British rule and that of previous colonizers was the Empire‘s focus on draining India‘s wealth and resources. Unlike the Mughals and other earlier rulers who patronized local artisans, craftsmen, and luxury industries, the British favored European goods and sent their wealth back to Britain. This shift in demand led to the decline of India‘s once-thriving textile, jewelry, and handicraft industries, leaving countless skilled workers jobless and impoverished.

The extent of the economic drain was staggering. According to a study by economist Utsa Patnaik, between 1765 and 1938, the British Empire siphoned off approximately $45 trillion (in today‘s value) from India through various means, including tax revenue, trade surpluses, and the exploitation of India‘s natural resources (Patnaik, 2018). This massive wealth transfer hindered India‘s economic growth and development, leaving the country with a legacy of poverty and underdevelopment.

Moreover, the British Empire‘s stringent tax policies and lack of flexibility during times of hardship exacerbated the suffering of India‘s rural population. While previous rulers often waived or reduced taxes during droughts and famines, the British insisted on collecting taxes regardless of the circumstances. This approach, coupled with the Victorian era‘s emphasis on fiscal prudence and the influence of Malthusian Theory, resulted in minimal expenditure on relief efforts and infrastructure development in India.

The consequences of these policies were devastating. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, India experienced a series of famines that claimed millions of lives. The most notorious of these was the Bengal famine of 1943, which resulted in the deaths of an estimated 2.1 to 3 million people (Dyson & Maharatna, 1991). The British Empire‘s inadequate response and adherence to free-market principles exacerbated the crisis, leading to widespread starvation and suffering.

The Erosion of Traditional Knowledge Systems and Cultural Heritage

The impact of British rule on India‘s social and cultural fabric was equally profound. The introduction of Western education and values, while beneficial in some aspects, also contributed to the marginalization of indigenous languages, arts, and sciences. The British Empire‘s emphasis on English-medium education and the suppression of traditional knowledge systems led to a gradual erosion of India‘s rich cultural heritage.

For example, the British Empire‘s policies led to the decline of traditional Indian medicine, known as Ayurveda, which had been practiced for thousands of years. The Empire‘s promotion of Western medicine and the marginalization of indigenous healing practices resulted in the loss of valuable knowledge and the erosion of India‘s healthcare system (Wujastyk, 2003).

Furthermore, the British Empire‘s divide-and-rule strategy, which exploited religious and regional differences, contributed to the fragmentation of Indian society. The Partition of India in 1947, which led to the creation of India and Pakistan, was a direct consequence of these policies. The violence and displacement that accompanied the Partition claimed millions of lives and left a lasting legacy of mistrust and conflict between the two nations (Talbot & Singh, 2009).

The Unique Factors Contributing to the Deadly Impact of British Rule

While previous colonizing forces, such as the Mughals and the Portuguese, also exploited India‘s resources and labor, the British Empire‘s rule was unique in its scale, duration, and systematic approach to wealth extraction. The Empire‘s industrial revolution and global dominance allowed it to establish a more extensive and entrenched system of colonialism in India.

Moreover, the British Empire‘s rule coincided with a period of significant technological and scientific advancements, which enabled the efficient exploitation of India‘s resources and labor. The construction of railways, for example, facilitated the transportation of raw materials from India to Britain and the import of manufactured goods from Britain to India, further strengthening the Empire‘s economic grip on the country (Thorner, 1950).

The British Empire‘s rule also had a more profound impact on India‘s social and cultural fabric due to its longer duration and the Empire‘s active promotion of Western values and institutions. The introduction of English-medium education, for instance, created a new class of Indian elites who were more aligned with British interests than with the needs of the local population (Viswanathan, 1989).

The Ongoing Relevance of the British Colonial Legacy

The legacy of British rule in India continues to shape the country‘s economic, social, and political landscape. The unequal power dynamics and exploitative policies established during the colonial era have contributed to the persistence of poverty, inequality, and underdevelopment in India.

Moreover, the British Empire‘s divide-and-rule strategy and the trauma of the Partition have left a lasting impact on India‘s social and political fabric. The ongoing conflicts and tensions between different religious and regional groups can be traced back to the policies and actions of the British Empire.

As India grapples with these challenges and works towards building a more equitable and resilient future, it is crucial to understand and address the root causes of these issues. This requires a critical examination of the British colonial legacy and a concerted effort to heal the wounds of the past and build a more inclusive and prosperous society.

The deadly impact of British rule in India can be attributed to the Empire‘s single-minded pursuit of wealth extraction, its disregard for the welfare of the Indian population, and its systematic erosion of India‘s traditional industries, knowledge systems, and cultural heritage. In contrast to previous colonizing forces, the British Empire‘s policies were driven by the interests of Britain, rather than the development and prosperity of India.

The long-term consequences of British rule, including the massive economic drain, the erosion of traditional knowledge systems, and the trauma of the Partition, continue to shape India‘s present and future. As India navigates the challenges of the 21st century, it is essential to confront and address the legacy of British colonialism and work towards building a more just, equitable, and sustainable society.

• Dyson, T., & Maharatna, A. (1991). Excess mortality during the Bengal famine: A re-evaluation. The Indian Economic & Social History Review , 28(3), 281-297.
• Patnaik, U. (2018). Agrarian and other histories: Essays on agrarian history, production and reproduction in India . Tulika Books.
• Talbot, I., & Singh, G. (2009). The partition of India . Cambridge University Press.
• Thorner, D. (1950). Investment in empire: British railway and steam shipping enterprise in India, 1825-1849 . University of Pennsylvania Press.
• Viswanathan, G. (1989). Masks of conquest: Literary study and British rule in India . Columbia University Press.
• Wujastyk, D. (2003). The roots of ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit medical writings . Penguin Books India.

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• India under Colonial Rule, 1752-1933

What's Inside

Introduction

Power and Preachers comprises 6 diverse primary source collections which detail the political, economic, and spiritual realities of British colonial rule in India. The featured collections include records from the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, from the establishment of the East India Company and the India Act to the emergence of Gandhi and the independence movement. Drawn from a diverse range of sources, the materials show the Raj through the eyes of commercial, military, and bureaucratic elites, as well as missionaries, labourers, and Indians themselves. 

This series therefore provides students and researchers with a nuanced synopsis of British colonialism in India and India’s role in shaping modern Britain.

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